L’évaluation de l’état écologique des rivières est régie par l’application de protocoles sur le terrain et au laboratoire. Ceux-ci induisent de nombreuses incertitudes tant naturelles qu’humaines. L’objectif de cette thèse est (1) d’étudier l’impact de certaines incertitudes sur deux indices biologiques basés sur les macroinvertébrés et les macrophytes en rivière, (2) de les estimer et (3) d’observer leur propagation jusqu’à l’évaluation de la qualité écologique des rivières. Pour les macroinvertébrés, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la variation intra-substrat et à l’effet des variabilités liées aux compétences de l’opérateur dans les indices IBGN, IBG DCE et I2M2. Pour les macrophytes, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’effet opérateur dans l’IBMR. Des variations des indices ont été observées jusqu’à conduire à une mauvaise évaluation globale. Des solutions correctives peuvent être proposées afin de réduire les effets des sources de variabilités étudiées.

In Rhin-Meuse hydrological basin (North-East of France), local authorities have encouraged the setup of
Surface Flow Treatment Wetlands (SFTW) at the outlet of several small communities wastewater treatment
plants. These systems are devoted to effluent polishing by providing potential pollutant mitigation
effects. However, such systems are designed mainly empirically and resulting surfaces and shapes may
not be optimal. In the present study, the hydrodynamic behavior of three full-scale SFTWs used for sewage
tertiary treatment was assessed by means of multi-tracer experiments involving two fluorescent
dyes: uranine and sulforhodamine B. Residence Time Distribution analysis shows that the three investigated
wetlands displayed very different hydrodynamic properties. Mean residence times were lower in
the ditches (1–3 h) than in the pond (mainly 20 h). The effective volume ratio was very low for all investigated
wetlands. Sediment deposition as well as vegetation cover development may explain this result.
Ditches behaved as Plug-Flow Reactors with dispersion whereas the pond underwent strong internal
recirculation. The influence of vegetation cover on hydrodynamic dispersion was evidenced as it induced
long tails in the tracer breakthrough curves. Three systemic model structures are proposed to describe
wetlands hydrodynamics: combination of ideal reactors (Plug Flow and/or Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors)
with varying degrees of complexity were able to reproduce accurately the experimental Residence
Time Distributions. Combination with a first-order kinetic model allowed photochemical decay of
uranine to be described. In the future, combination of the proposed hydrodynamic models with more
complex kinetics models will constitute a valuable tool for process understanding and optimization.